Acc 291 Reflective Summary Week 3 Essay Example for Free

Acc 291 Reflective Summary Week 3 Essay Ascertaining stock, profits, and stock parts Stock is becoming tied up with responsibility for organization. It is becoming tied up with their benefits just as their income. To ascertain stock one must see how to compute the profit per share. To ascertain the income per share take the net profit and separation by the remarkable offers. Profits are money circulations that organizations pay out normally to investors from income. Productive organizations deliver profits. To ascertain profits for dollar sum take the quantity of possessed offers and duplicate by the profit per share. Stock split is expanding the quantity of exceptional offers that is possessed by separating each offer. Every investor gets an extra offer, however the estimation of each is diminished considerably. Two offers equivalent the first incentive before the offer split occurred. The estimation of stock parting is extremely convoluted. See more: Mark Twains Humorous Satire in Running for Governor Essay Separate sorts of stocks gave by organizations. There are two essential kinds of stocks that partnerships can issue. Regular stock and favored stock are the two kinds; both have various advantages and potential chances. Basic stock is the most fundamental kind of stock you can acquire from a company. Since it’s the fundamental sort of stock that you can buy it has its constraints and is extremely restricted in esteem. Possessing a typical portion of the organization shows that you own a small amount of organization and its worth is straightforwardly affected by the company’s money related victories and disappointments. Most observe possessing normal offers as an unsafe investmentâ and this is the reason the proprietors will get their benefits after the favored stock is dispensed. Favored stock is the other kind of stock that companies issue. The fundamental advantage of possessing a favored portion of a partnership is that your profits are gotten before basic investors. Not at all like normal investor benefits, favored stock depends on a fixed profit installment. In the event that the organization leaves business or exchanges their benefits, favored investors despite everything get the cash back they contributed and this is dispensed before normal investors get theirs also. The main mishap is that favored stock can't doesn’t gain as much in esteem as the regular investor benefit as a result of the fixed installment. Favored stock additionally has a division of classes that depends on showcase costs, limitations, and so forth. With everything taken into account, contingent upon the investor’s needs and money related open doors both investment opportunities have their advantages and potential mishaps. Reference: http://www.stanford.edu/~mikefan/stocks/whatarestocks.html Fan, 2006 Cardinal Money Management Prophet thinkquest. (n.d.). Recovered from http://library.thinkquest.org/3088/stockmarket/typesofstocks.html Reflection Summary Assignment 1 Reflection Summary Assignment

Leadership In The Small Business

Authority In The Small Business Authority is one of the significant variables for the endurance and accomplishment of enterprising endeavors. During the second 50% of the twentieth century, there were a ton of written works about authority exuding from the United States. Be that as it may, these looks into principally centered around the authority in enormous organizations and associations. How pertinent is the image for little and medium business? Does the experience or exercises of huge organizations and associations on the executives adjust to the little and medium business? These inquiries have pulled in more considerations because of the improvement of the little and medium business. The meaning of the private company changes in various nations and even in various businesses. In any case, the independent venture holds a significant situation for the advancement of household economy and even the worldwide economy. Along these lines, it is fundamental for researchers on the executives to consider the administration in the independent company. The motivation behind this exposition is to break down the significance of administration in the independent company so as to give a few proposals to the private company on authority. There are six sections in this article. The initial segment is a concise presentation comprising of the composing noteworthiness, the composing reason and the structure of this paper. The second piece of this paper will present the administration and its capacities. The exposition will present the private venture and its highlights in the third part. The principle some portion of this paper is the fourth part, where the significance of initiative in the independent company will be investigated, remembering the authority for private venture and the centrality of administration in the private company. Furthermore, the fifth part will give a few proposals to pioneers in independent company for carrying a triumph to their own organizations later on. Also, an end will be made at long last. 2. Administration and Its Functions This article will speak to some pertinent information about initiative and its capacity in this part. 2.1 The meaning of Leadership Initiative is one of the most significant elements for the advancement of each organization and association. Bunches of scientists on business enterprise utilize the terms the executives and authority conversely. Notwithstanding, the pioneers and directors are not really the equivalent (Johnson, 2013). What's more, as per Johnson (2013), the fundamental qualification among pioneers and supervisors are that the pioneers have a few supporters they can move to activity, however the administrators have a few assets that they can assign. In this manner, the authority can be viewed as a procedure by which the pioneers take a few measures to impact the considerations, mentalities and practices of others (Mills, 2005). 2.2 The Types of administration style Various sorts of authority styles exist in the workplaces. What's more, every authority style has the points of interest and burdens. Also, the way of life and objectives of an association are the two significant variables to figure out which authority style is proper for the organization or association best (Johnson, 2013). In the accompanying, this article will present the authority styles in a dubious and general manner. The administration styles incorporate the free enterprise initiative style, the despotic authority style, the participative initiative style, the value-based administration style, the transformational administration style, and so forth (Goleman, 2000). The free enterprise pioneers frequently permit their representatives to work without anyone else. What's more, in some cases the supervisors need more power over their work and their kin (Taleghani, Salmani and Taatian, 2010). The free enterprise pioneers will give total opportunity to their representatives to accomplish the work. Nonetheless, in the absolutist administration style, the pioneers have total control over their representatives and the workers have scarcely any chances to make recommendations (Travis, 2013). In the value-based administration, the workers will follow their pioneers when their pioneers appropriate undertakings to them, and in this way, the value-based authority centers around the momentary assignments (Taleghani, Salmani and Taatian, 2010). Whats increasingly, a transformational pioneer gives more consideration to the workers higher necessities, for example, satisfaction or equity (Travis, 2013). 2.3 The capacities Significance of administration Since administration assumes a significant job on the accomplishment of organizations and associations, the capacities can't be deprecated. The administration capacities are connected with the elements of pioneers the board. The pioneers need to set the objectives for organizations, propel and motivate their subordinates, make arrangements for organizations for additional benefits, and this exposition will dissect the elements of initiative from these viewpoints. 2.3.1 To create organization culture One of the elements of authority is to make and create organization culture. The workers may proceed as a group or proceed as people. On the off chance that the companys undertakings need participation between workers, the pioneers should execute a few measures and embrace pertinent strategies to make representatives to help out one another, under which situation, the collaboration will become one key part of organization culture. 2.3.2 To guarantee the viability of collective endeavor By the executives, the pioneers should assign the position to take measures to make representatives to contribute the greatest vitality and time to employments and the accomplishment of goals of the organizations (HubPages, 2013). In the mean time, by the executives, the pioneers can guarantee the accessibility of assets and ensure that the assets can be utilized to the biggest degree. 2.3.3 To make arrangements for the organizations The pioneers and representatives need to mindful of the calendar and their own obligations to finish the accomplishment, and afterward the pioneers make arrangements for the organization to guarantee that the organization can acquire accomplishment. 3. Private company and Its highlights This article has presented the definition and elements of initiative in the subsequent part. At the same time, the past examinations on administration chiefly center around the enormous undertakings. In this way, it is significant for specialists to investigate the administration in the private venture. Prior to this, this paper will primarily present the independent company and its highlights in an unclear and general manner. 3.1 The meaning of independent venture As per the United States Small Business Administration Office of Advocacy, over 99.5% of all U.S. firms are private company (Cooper, 2013). In spite of the fact that the definition changes from industry to industry and is distinctive in various nations, the independent company alludes to that the organizations are with under 500 workers as a rule gave by the United States Small Business Administration Office of Advocacy (Cooper, 2013). In Australia, the private ventures consistently allude to the organizations with under 100 representatives (Gray, Densten Sarros, 2003). 3.2 The historical backdrop of independent company It is sensible to pick up the end that the independent company holds a significant situation for the advancement of gross economy from the measurements gave by the United States Small Business Administration Office of Advocacy. What's more, since the meaning of independent venture fluctuates from nation to nation, and consequently, the historical backdrop of private venture is likewise extraordinary in various nations. For instance, the inception of private venture can go back to the seventeenth century in the USA (U.S. Branch of State, 2013). What's more, in China, the root of independent venture can go back to the fourteenth fifteenth century. In single word, the independent company has a long history. 3.3 What are the highlights of private venture? So as to investigate the significance of initiative in the business private venture, the specialists should make associate with the highlights of independent company. Initially, by and large, the entrepreneurs consistently are the pioneers of the organizations or associations (Vitez, 2013). The entrepreneurs need to make arrangements and set objectives for the organizations and associations (Vitez, 2013). Besides, because of its size and speculation capitals, the private company consistently have constrained assets and low-end innovation, so it is hard for the independent company to contend with enormous endeavors and even the medium business. As per Vitez (2013), the operational administration is one the most significant parts for the independent venture the board and because of the size, the private companies are simpler to work. 3.4 The present issues on the board looked by independent company Private companies consistently are stood up to with bunches of issues identified with their size and constrained venture innovation. This article will for the most part break down the present issues on the executives looked by independent ventures. Initially, in light of the fact that the entrepreneurs must be the pioneers of organizations or associations, the entrepreneurs need to give more consideration to the necessities of their organization on abilities, the foundations of organizations objectives and different works, and because of the constraint of vitality, the administration of private ventures might be into confusion. Furthermore, as a result of the restricted capitals, it is hard for independent company to embrace the most current innovation, so they may receive lower-end the board innovation. The previously mentioned substance likewise can delineate the need to refresh the authority in the private ventures. 4. The Importance of Leadership in the Small Business This exposition has presented the elements of authority and the highlights and the present administration issues of private company. In this part, this exposition will break down the significance of administration in the private company. What's more, from the start, this paper will speak to the initiative in the independent company, where the highlights of authority in the private companies contrasted and huge and medium size undertakings. 4.1 Leadership in Small Business Because of its size of private venture, the proprietors of the independent company must be the pioneers of the organizations or associations and the independent venture is simpler to work. There are some unmistakable highlights of the initiative in private company. Right off the bat, the proprietors of the independent venture consistently give the mission, va

Student Entrepreneurship Grants

Student Entrepreneurship Grants What to Know About Student Entrepreneurship Grants What to Know About Student Entrepreneurship Grants It is one thing to know about grant money available for student entrepreneurship, it’s another to understand the grant writing process and how to go about accessing and receiving that money. Many university students either work part-time while they are in school to help pay the bills, work all summer, or do both. Not very many students, however, are aware that there is both public and private money out there just waiting to be thrown at them if they can prove they have a viable business idea they are passionate about. Grant writing and entrepreneurship funds If you have an idea that you are trying to get off the ground, but just don’t have the funds to make it happen, consider the following information about student entrepreneurship grants, and grants for entrepreneurs under the age of thirty. They are available from both private and public funders, and can help you capitalize a project that has real potential, but which requires a financial push to get going. The Ontario Entrepreneurship Funds and Resources for People Under 30 The province of Ontario (and many other provinces have a similar list of programs) provides a number of programs, and a pool of funds for young entrepreneurs. From the “Starter Company” program a program for Ontario youth aged 18 to 29 which provides mentorship, training, and potentially $5,000-worth of funding to “Microlending for Women in Ontario program which provides entrepreneurship skills, financial literacy training, as well as makes young women in the province eligible for small business loans there is sufficient money in Ontario for people with big ideas. Perhaps the most salient to university students is the “Summer Company” grant, which provides up to $1,500 dollars to help businesses with start-up costs, and an additional $1,500 dollars when you finish all of the program application requirements. You also receive mentorship from a local business leader in order to help get the business off the ground. A whole host of programs for young, aspiring businessmen and women are available in Ontario. Part of the application process for most of these loans and bursaries involves a grant writing stage, where you make the case about why you are deserving of the funds, what you plan to do with them, and how your business idea will eventually take off. Homework Help Global provides grant writing services to students for such purposes, helping you articulately, and succinctly explain why you are a deserving candidate, and what you plan to do with the money. Remember that you are selling a solution to a problem (or a gap in the market) In order to get your hands on government and private funding for your business venture, you are going to need to convince whoever is responsible for doling that money out that your business serves a real market need. It’s even better if it serves both a market and a social need. Just because the money is there for student entrepreneurs, does not mean the government (or private organizations) are going to be willing to just throw money at anyone who asks for it. They want to know that you have a target in mind, and, more importantly, that you have designed a system for measuring success whether that be sales, conversions, click-throughs, etc. Before applying for funding it is a good idea to have already done your SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats) analysis. You must identify why your business is going to thrive in the market (i.e. what are its strengths or its competitive edge); where it is vulnerable (e.g. where another product is already competing with you, the cost of your raw materials, shipping costs, etc.); where there is space for your business in the market (e.g. nobody is currently offering the product in the same way you are, or you are adding a unique value), and the potential threats that could make the venture unsuccessful (new regulations, changing demographic trends, etc.). Be realistic about your budget When you’re doing grant writing, it is important to understand what it is going to cost you to run your business, and sell your product(s)/service the way you would like. If the grant, bursary, or loan you are applying for is a fixed amount, be honest about whether or not you can reliably run your business with that money. This will also help you be more open and honest about what you are able to deliver. The organizations and people funding you want to have a clear picture of what they can expect to see in terms of return on investment (so to speak), so be as objective, and dispassionate as you can be when evaluating what it’s going to cost to do things properly. If need be, it is always an option to apply for funds from multiple sources, hedging your bets (in the event you are shut down by one), and pooling funds for more capital. Work part-time until you’ve secured your funding The worst thing you can do is to count your chickens before they’ve hatched and assume you’ve secured your funding. These funding processes can be quite competitive, and you have to plan for the worst case scenario. Until you’ve received a letter confirming you are going to be getting money for your business, you should have an alternate income stream so that you are not left twisting in the wind. Keep whatever part-time, or full-time job you are currently working just in case. If you are really a workaholic, you can keep your formal job even when you do end up getting that grant money. More money for you, more money to pay for school and/or grow your new business. If you have never put together this sort of application before, it pays to have a professional writer help you out, ensuring that your grant application is polished, professional, and stands out above the rest. Contact Homework Help Global and let us assign you one of our professional academic business writers, giving you an edge on your grant writing. References: (2018). “Entrepreneurship Funds and Resources for People Under 30.” Government of Ontario. Retrieved from: entrepreneurship-funds-and-resources-people-under-30 Campbell, C. (2017). “How to Conduct a SWOT Analysis (With 6+ Examples).” Shopify. Retrieved from: 74665093-want-to-future-proof-your-business-try-a-swot-analysis Rizzi, K. (2016). “Canadian Business Financing: Grants and Loans for Young Entrepreneurs in Canada.” Canada One. Retrieved from: Wallace, A. (2018). “How to Write a Successful Funding Application.” School for Social Entrepreneurs. Retrieved from: Student Entrepreneurship Grants What to Know About Student Entrepreneurship Grants What to Know About Student Entrepreneurship Grants It is one thing to know about grant money available for student entrepreneurship, it’s another to understand the grant writing process and how to go about accessing and receiving that money. Many university students either work part-time while they are in school to help pay the bills, work all summer, or do both. Not very many students, however, are aware that there is both public and private money out there just waiting to be thrown at them if they can prove they have a viable business idea they are passionate about. Grant writing and entrepreneurship funds If you have an idea that you are trying to get off the ground, but just don’t have the funds to make it happen, consider the following information about student entrepreneurship grants, and grants for entrepreneurs under the age of thirty. They are available from both private and public funders, and can help you capitalize a project that has real potential, but which requires a financial push to get going. The Ontario Entrepreneurship Funds and Resources for People Under 30 The province of Ontario (and many other provinces have a similar list of programs) provides a number of programs, and a pool of funds for young entrepreneurs. From the “Starter Company” program a program for Ontario youth aged 18 to 29 which provides mentorship, training, and potentially $5,000-worth of funding to “Microlending for Women in Ontario program which provides entrepreneurship skills, financial literacy training, as well as makes young women in the province eligible for small business loans there is sufficient money in Ontario for people with big ideas. Perhaps the most salient to university students is the “Summer Company” grant, which provides up to $1,500 dollars to help businesses with start-up costs, and an additional $1,500 dollars when you finish all of the program application requirements. You also receive mentorship from a local business leader in order to help get the business off the ground. A whole host of programs for young, aspiring businessmen and women are available in Ontario. Part of the application process for most of these loans and bursaries involves a grant writing stage, where you make the case about why you are deserving of the funds, what you plan to do with them, and how your business idea will eventually take off. Homework Help Global provides grant writing services to students for such purposes, helping you articulately, and succinctly explain why you are a deserving candidate, and what you plan to do with the money. Remember that you are selling a solution to a problem (or a gap in the market) In order to get your hands on government and private funding for your business venture, you are going to need to convince whoever is responsible for doling that money out that your business serves a real market need. It’s even better if it serves both a market and a social need. Just because the money is there for student entrepreneurs, does not mean the government (or private organizations) are going to be willing to just throw money at anyone who asks for it. They want to know that you have a target in mind, and, more importantly, that you have designed a system for measuring success whether that be sales, conversions, click-throughs, etc. Before applying for funding it is a good idea to have already done your SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats) analysis. You must identify why your business is going to thrive in the market (i.e. what are its strengths or its competitive edge); where it is vulnerable (e.g. where another product is already competing with you, the cost of your raw materials, shipping costs, etc.); where there is space for your business in the market (e.g. nobody is currently offering the product in the same way you are, or you are adding a unique value), and the potential threats that could make the venture unsuccessful (new regulations, changing demographic trends, etc.). Be realistic about your budget When you’re doing grant writing, it is important to understand what it is going to cost you to run your business, and sell your product(s)/service the way you would like. If the grant, bursary, or loan you are applying for is a fixed amount, be honest about whether or not you can reliably run your business with that money. This will also help you be more open and honest about what you are able to deliver. The organizations and people funding you want to have a clear picture of what they can expect to see in terms of return on investment (so to speak), so be as objective, and dispassionate as you can be when evaluating what it’s going to cost to do things properly. If need be, it is always an option to apply for funds from multiple sources, hedging your bets (in the event you are shut down by one), and pooling funds for more capital. Work part-time until you’ve secured your funding The worst thing you can do is to count your chickens before they’ve hatched and assume you’ve secured your funding. These funding processes can be quite competitive, and you have to plan for the worst case scenario. Until you’ve received a letter confirming you are going to be getting money for your business, you should have an alternate income stream so that you are not left twisting in the wind. Keep whatever part-time, or full-time job you are currently working just in case. If you are really a workaholic, you can keep your formal job even when you do end up getting that grant money. More money for you, more money to pay for school and/or grow your new business. If you have never put together this sort of application before, it pays to have a professional writer help you out, ensuring that your grant application is polished, professional, and stands out above the rest. Contact Homework Help Global and let us assign you one of our professional academic business writers, giving you an edge on your grant writing. References: (2018). “Entrepreneurship Funds and Resources for People Under 30.” Government of Ontario. Retrieved from: entrepreneurship-funds-and-resources-people-under-30 Campbell, C. (2017). “How to Conduct a SWOT Analysis (With 6+ Examples).” Shopify. Retrieved from: 74665093-want-to-future-proof-your-business-try-a-swot-analysis Rizzi, K. (2016). “Canadian Business Financing: Grants and Loans for Young Entrepreneurs in Canada.” Canada One. Retrieved from: Wallace, A. (2018). “How to Write a Successful Funding Application.” School for Social Entrepreneurs. Retrieved from:

Smacking Essay - 863 Words

Good morning, My name is Micheal and today am here to talk to you about the issue of smacking. To strike or slap someone with force using the open hand is the definition of smacking. The issue of whether it should be legal for parents to smack their children has now become a major controversy. Today I come to you as a concerned citizen as I find it utterly disturbing that in Australia, it is currently legal for parents to smack their children. I believe that the act of parents, smacking their child should be illegal. Smacking children, in our modern society, is nothing but an ineffective form of discipline. It is actually a violation of the human rights of the child. Furthermore it has potential to cause intellectual and†¦show more content†¦It is illegal for women to be assaulted, yet it is legal for parents to smack children. It is disturbing to see that children are the only category in Australia that can be legally assaulted. Just as all other categories have the right to not be assaulted, so should the children. The United Nations convention has stressed it duty to to give children this right to be free from all forms of violence, including crue l punishment. All children deserve to have human dignity and physical integrity. By smacking, we are violating this. My final argument towards making smacking illegal is the risk of long-term phycological harm. In 2011, research was conducted to test the effects of smacking. Children who were exposed in an environment where they were smacked achieved low scores in psychological assessments including planning, abstract thinking and levels of satisfaction. The scores achieved by these children were significantly lower than the scores achieved by students who were exposed to environments where they were not smacked. The results of this research proved that aggressive environments may have a impact on a childs verbal intelligence. The result of this is that children who are smacked are at high risk of behavioural problems. On top of this, further research has also shown that children who have been smacked in their childhood, have lower IQs. Professor Mark Strauss conducted research that proved that children whoShow MoreRelatedSmacking Children: Is it Effective? Essay1870 Words   |  8 Pagesthrough the use of smacking is not a solution. According to Phillips and Alderson refers to, â€Å"lawful parental violence against children, from the ‘tapâ€⠄¢ to the ‘belt’ and beyond† (1). Smacking as a way of having control over the children has no long term positive effects, even though, some would argue that it should not be criminalized since they see smacking as a way of disciplining children. Some argue that does not leave marks and cannot be persecuted and according to some smacking is not consideredRead MoreShould We Ban Smack Essay1059 Words   |  5 PagesSmacking should be banned to protect children Before I get stated, I’d like to ask you guys for one question: Have you ever got smacked by your parents when you are a little child? If you have, please put your hands up. Alright, it seems everyone has been smacked before, so have I. A black and white picture of a cross father spanking a little boy who is crying on his knees could be described by people as the â€Å"bad old days†. Disciplinary action such as a smack on a child’s bottom is not illegalRead MoreSection 59 of the Crimes Act and a Parents Right to Discipline their Child689 Words   |  3 Pageschild abuse occur as a result of parental personal and economical problems, such as low income, alcohol and drug abuse, and gambling – not from parents trying to correct the disobedient behaviour of their children (Collins, 2009). In Sweden, where smacking has been banned for the past thirty years, there are still reports of aggravated assault happening to children up to the present day. Rather than change laws, more government effort and resources should be put into looking at these issues closelyRead MoreHelen Clark as a Leader1141 Words   |  5 Pagesmanaged to influence the constitutional law and some of her legislation became widely discussed by the public; making certain legislations a common terminology among households. For example, the Anti-smacking law† also known as the â€Å"section 59†. There was extensive coverage about the Anti-smacking law during her last term as Prime Minister in the media (â€Å"Helen Clark stares down the barrel and lies†, 2008). One News published a widely discussed article that was broadcasted in 2007. The news articleRead MoreIs It Illegal For A Child As A Form Of Discipline? Essay1691 Words   |  7 Pagesidea needs to change before more instances of child cruelty are brought to light. The idealistic approach to smacking in this country is that parents are entitled to resort to corporal punishment when attempting to discipline their children. Anonymous (2006) ‘The Australian Childhood Foundation says it s been shocked by its new survey that shows almost 70 per cent of parents’ support smacking their children. Almost half the 750 adults surveyed believe it s reasonable to smack hard enough to leaveRead MoreEvaluation of the Statement that Hitting Children is Wrong Essays1479 Words   |  6 Pagesthis statement in the form of an advisory paper to a relevant Government department, onthe need (or otherwise) to bring in legislation to ban the physical punishment of children. The current law in place in the UK, with respect to smacking children, is known as the law of reasonable chastisement. This law permits, the use by parents of reasonable chastisement when disciplining their children. That is, a parent is permitted to hit a child as a way of enforcing disciplineRead MoreShould Child Discipline On A Physical Level?1462 Words   |  6 Pagesof discipline? Should it be? With the changing of times questions are being raised whether or not smacking or slapping a child is right or wrong by todays standards, This essay is going to argue why child discipline on a physical level should not only been illegal but why the country as a whole needs to ban it. As of the current point in time there are currently no laws making slapping, smacking or striking a child â€Å"illegal†. The only law that is besides that is reasonable chastisement. The meaningRead MoreCorporal Punishment Should Be Taught Essay856 Words   |  4 Pageson the Rights of the Child in the General Comment No. 8 defines ‘corporal’ or ‘physical’ punishment as, â€Å"any punishment in which physical force is used and intended to cause some degree of pain or discomfort, however light. Most involves hitting (â€Å"smacking†, â€Å"slapping†, â€Å"spanking†) children, with the hand or with an implement; in the view of the Committee, corporal punishment is invariably degrading.† The negative psychological consequences that stem from corporal punishment far outweigh the positiveRead MoreAdult Female Baboons : A Group Of Females814 Words   |  4 Pagesdo not talk like us, but they do have other many forms of gettin g their point across. These various communication skills consist of grunts, lip-smacking, screams, alarm calls, and facial expressions, just to name a few (Huguet et al. 2015). Scientists were able to determine what most of these communication skills meant (Huguet et al. 2015). Lip-smacking and narrow eyes was a friendly gesture toward other monkeys in the species or other primates, but if a monkey yawns and displays all his teeth, itRead MoreHow From Be A Boy845 Words   |  4 Pagesbecome extreme, but it is very important to get as gross as possible I you want to truly be a boy. The third and most noticeable step is touching or hitting each other. This of course includes Charlie horses, shoulder punches, rhino knees, smacking faces, smacking butts, and most importantly, the nut shots. Nut shots are executed with pretty much anything from a hand to a key lanyard. Although most people find this kind of thing as weird, boys absolutely do not. We don’t always hit there, there also

Essay about Fertile Ground and Difficult Lifestyle in Angola

The total population of Angola is around 20.82 million in the land area of 1 246 700 km2. Life expectancy in Angola is 51.06 years (recorded in 2011), the religion in Angola is a majority Christian country. The capital city of Angola is Luanda with other major cities such as; N’dalatando, Hu ambo, Lobito, Benguela, Kuito, Lubango, Malanje, Namibe, Soyo. The gross domestic product per capita is around 5 484. 83 USD (recorded in 2012). Angola’s level of urbanisation 3.97% annual rate of change (2010-15 east) with poverty rate of 38% of population has no access to water, 30% have access to health facilities and 58% of children who enrolled in primary education completed. The Climate in Angola is cool and dry in May – October seasons, hot†¦show more content†¦Angola’s one strength is its agricultural import tariffs and its 8 challenges are corruption, Eiu women’s economic opportunity index, agricultural infrastructure, gross domestic product per capita(PPP), Angola’s protein quality on agriculture RD, EIU Democracy and proportion under global poverty line. Most of the challenges of Angola comes under the topic of availability. http://foodsecurityindex.eiu.com/Country/Details#Angola The agriculture undertaken by Angola is mainly extensive, with the lack of modern technical and practical knowledge of farming means that most of the chores or by hand or by animals with the absence of machinery, which increases the probability of low production. With the use of poly-culture, enables the production of a verity of products and types of crops that meet the nutritional needs for the family or the group. http://www.angolanosnachina.com/termsite/ta.html As a result of the fertile soils, hard labour and plentiful water Angola is now going from being a major receiver of global food assistance to a country in which most donors are closing their support for food aid programs. Despite this impressive agriculture recovery, most of Angola’s farmers are still producing at a subsistence level of agriculture. The potential to transform Angola from subsistence farming into commercial entrepreneurs is enormous. In fact Angola hasShow MoreRelatedNotes18856 Words   |  76 Pagesthat Africans took to Western education with zeal. The little education that they got opened their minds and provided them with practical and intellectual skills they never had before. With some Western education, an African had a chance at a lifestyle that up to that time he or she could only read about in Western school textbooks. There was a tremendous demand for education that was far beyond the a  ­ bility of the missions to provide. Despite this, colonial education very often alienatedRead MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pagescentre. Numico – difficulties with diversification for a Dutch nutritional products company. AIB – competing in the global banking industry: the challenges for a mid-size bank. SABMiller – an African brewer takes on the world: learning to thrive in difficult circumstances. MacPac – from a New Zealand start-up to internationalisation in the outdoor equipment industry. Key: ââ€" Ã¢â€"  = major focus ââ€"  = important subsidiary focus ECS8C_C01.qxd 22/10/2007 11:54 Page 601 A GUIDE TO THE MAIN FOCUS

Campaign Objectives Free Essays

The secondary objective of this campaign is to raise funds to further research into the cause of cancer in young children. The campaign will call for donations to fund research grants, facilitate research hospitals, and fund cancer programs to aid in conquering this disease. The donations will be the main source of funding for these programs and will be distributed accordingly to the appropriate destinations to ensure that nothing is squandered and that the cause will move forward. We will write a custom essay sample on Campaign Objectives or any similar topic only for you Order Now Tertiary Objective The tertiary objective of this campaign is to move the government of Canada o aid those who are suffering from children’s brain cancer and to support the research of children’s brain cancer as strongly as it does other cancers. Brain cancer is one of the rarest and most deadly forms of cancer, yet it does not receive hardly as much support as it should from the government, which funds research to other, more common forms of cancer. Conclusion Singling out the target audience and giving them a message that they cannot ignore, as well as educating the general population as well can achieve these objectives. This campaign is about raising awareness and generating action, both of which will help to further push the movement to discover what causes brain cancer in young children and to eradicate it once and for all, for all generations. Primary Target Add mince The primary audience that this campaign will look to reach is males and females aged 25+ who have been affected by children’s brain cancer, either within their own family or someone that they know. This is the age group that is beginning to take notice of important issues that are taking place currently, and are able to actively participate in helping certain causes that are close to them. People in this age group are also either know of people who are starting a family, beginning families of their own, or already have a family (children, nephews, etc. ). This will be a strong motivating factor for them to actively participate in this campaign. The primary target contains both males and females, as this message is for everyone to hear and participate. This target have part time jobs and are able to contribute monetarily if they feel obligated too, but they also love to share things with other people in their social media circles. This will be important to further expand the message of the campaign. This target audience is in contact with various forms of advertising every day and is kept up to date by different forms of social media as to what people in their social circles are talking about. This is an important vehicle for information to be shared and the best way to reach this demographic. There is no distinction between race, gender, sexual orientation, religion, or culture. This is an issue that does not see any of these things and neither will the campaign to end it. There is such a diverse population in Canada that everyone in some way is affected and everyone can make a difference. Primary Demographic Chart Characteristics Minimal Data Additional Data Age 25 + 70. % of Canada’s total population Gender Male Education High School College university This target has completed high school and received at least one form of post secondary education or are currently enrolled Religion Various Race Principal Language Spoken English French Non-official Languages 59. 7% English 27. 6% French 12. 7% other Coco patio n Student Employed Retired The majority of this target group has graduated from high school and a post secondary institution and are either currently employ ed in their chosen field f study, or have retired from that field. Individual Income $0-$10,000 $1 0,oho + $0-10,000: Student working part-time $10,000 -F: Full and part-time workers Marital Status Single Married Living With Partner Common-Law Divorced/Separated Household Type With Children Without Children Nuclear Family Single Parents 9,389,700: The total number of families in Canada Type of Home unit Home Apartment/Condo Residence (Dorm) Home Ownership Own Rent Monthly Rent Payments Monthly Mortgage Payments Home Location Nationwide Large Urban Centers Us burs Rural Areas Principal Shopper self Family Member Audience As A Consumer Primary Audience Who They buy items for themselves as well as for their loved ones, family members, children, etc. What They purchase life’s necessities; food, water, clothing etc. For themselves or for the people they live with. They purchase luxury items online, download movies and music wirelessly, and watch most of their television online They are aware of which brands are popular and make conscious decisions to purchase those brands They purchase items that are directly related to a cause that they are passionate about or that they feel need their support Where They buy their clothing either online or in specialty malls or outlets. They buy their food from various different grocery stores depending on their personal or household incomes They purchase other things they need for their homes at specific retailers specializing in those needs When They buy the necessities such as food when they deem it necessary (once a week, once every two weeks, etc) . They purchase expensive items when they can afford it They buy things according to specific holidays or events; birthdays, anniversaries, Christmas, etc. They make purchase from home online when hey can relax and not feel rushed, or when they have the time to physically go somewhere and buy, Why Some purchases are basic and are required for living Purchases are made on instinct when they are in need of a positive feeling or when they feel they deserve to splurge They purchase items where portions go to a cause they are sympathetic towards or believe can help make a difference. They purchase items to celebrate special occasions. How Debit and credit are the most common Cash is used when it is a smaller item or when they had the time to go to the bank and withdraw the necessary amount. Chirography’s Activities They are involved in social media They watch popular television shows and movies They work hard at their jobs They enjoy various leisure activities They enjoy spending time with loved ones They enjoy reading about the latest world news They ensure to spend time with their children They are health conscious Caring for a child with brain cancer Researching brain cancer and treatments Interests If they have them, their children Reading Social Media Technologically savvy High brand recognition Image conscious Their children’s extracurricular activities Enjoys positive recognition Enjoys high priced commodities Being part of a community World events Medical developments in the field of brain cancer Opinions Children are the future of the country Children should be nurtured and allowed to grow up to be healthy, normal adults Health Care should be more expansive Things are getting more and more expensive It is hard to make a good living now Cancer is a terrible issue and needs to be studied intensely Cancer in children is devastating Secondary Target Audience The secondary target audience that this campaign will reach is Canadians aged 25 + years of age who have never had any experience with children’s rain cancer. These are people who have already established families and are in a position to assist in seeking an end to children’s brain cancer. These Canadians may not have necessarily had any experience with children’s brain cancer, but they know someone who has been affected by some form of cancer in their lifetime. They are aware of the devastation cancer can cause and have strong opinions and feelings about it. This target group is also composed of males and females (50/50), and aims to bring awareness and a call to action for those who do not have a personal experience with children’s brain cancer. How to cite Campaign Objectives, Papers

Animal Rights Essay Sample free essay sample

Are you an carnal lover? Are you a chump for puppies and kitties? Are you deceasing to hold a pet? If your reply is yes. so I guess you should cognize what carnal rights mean before having or holding an brush with animate beings. Harmonizing to approximately. com carnal rights is â€Å"the belief that animate beings have a right to be free of human usage and development â€Å" This doesn’t mean that animate beings are above us. It merely states that animate beings have the right to be free. they have rights but non like human rights. There is a common misconception that animate being rights militants want nonhuman animate beings to hold the same rights as people. We will write a custom essay sample on Animal Rights Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page No 1 wants cats to hold the right to vote. or for Canis familiariss to hold the right to bear weaponries. The issue is non whether animate beings should hold the same rights as people. but whether we have a right to utilize and work them for our intents. nevertheless frivolous they might be. It merely saddens me to cognize that Billions of animate beings abused every twelvemonth. about the same dice from maltreatment. Most aren’t even reported. so there isn’t an exact figure. merely billons. The sad truth is. over 65 billion animate beings are used. abused. and killed for nutrient. scientific/medical testing. military experimentation. amusement. vesture. and engendering – as in puppy Millss. Some people even treat animate beings as slaves and handle them as if they weren’t created by God. Yes. some animate beings are meant to make work like carabao’s. cattles and Equus caballuss. But they can merely make much. You can’t fault them if they don’t follow your orders at one time. they’re non every bit smart as us worlds but you can develop them. Or possibly their tired. But don’t abuse them and hit them all the clip if their disobedient. They’re non slaves. They have the right to rest whenever their tired. And if you’re merely traveling to utilize animate beings for unsafe experiments that will delight your wonder. believe about the life that you’re traveling to kill. Wouldn’t you feel guilty? And for those who eat Canis familiariss. boot animate beings with sticks. throw stones at them and do merriment of them. should travel to imprison. They need to be thought the significance of regard. Even if their animate beings. they have life. We should esteem them. My ma told me a narrative about her friend who became a vegetarian after watching a picture of people killing hogs. caprine animals. poulets and cattles. I guess she truly felt so guilty and sad for the animate beings to the point that she didn’t want to savor porc. beef or poulet of all time once more. I’m non stating that we shouldn’t eat porc. poulet or meat of all time once more. I’m merely saying the fact that people truly can’t return animate beings being slaughtered. It’s bosom interrupting to see them decease with no clemency. Well. to me merely the idea or thought of them being slaughtered injuries. That’s why people who kill caprine animals. hogs and poulets sometimes cover the face of the animate being because they truly cry with cryings. They know that their traveling to decease and their inquiring them to halt. Every twelvemonth. 1000000s of animate being s are killed for the vesture industry. Whether they come from Chinese fur farms. Indian abattoirs. or the Australian outback. an unmeasurable sum of agony goes into every fur-trimmed jackets and places. leather belts and bloomerss. wool jumpers. serpent skinned bags and I’m certain people will make more. I hope people who buy carnal skinned things will experience guilty whenever their have oning them. They could’ve bought something made out of fabric that’s even cheaper and more practical. Peoples who use animate beings for amusement like Cockfighting or chase combat should be outlawed. as such events may stop with the decease of an animate being. But holding animate beings race or leap or fly is in line with their natural naming. so why in the universe non? Of class it goes without stating that any preparation that would attach to such athletics or amusement must be humane. but that goes for human jocks as good. Let’s aid distribute the word about animate being rights and non do their lives suffering. Every clip you see an carnal being abused. name the constabulary or animate being services at one time. Make your portion. Don’t give people the opportunity to mistreat them. Animals are beautiful animals given to us by God. they have feelings excessively. t hey know what people feel. Just like us. God gave them a intent in this universe.

Substance Abuse, Addiction and Dependency among Adolescents

1962 advert for Marlboro cigarettes Essay Example

1962 advert for Marlboro cigarettes Essay Example 1962 advert for Marlboro cigarettes Paper 1962 advert for Marlboro cigarettes Paper The next set of lines state to the reader that the flavour of the cigarettes is unfiltered but the cigarette does have a filter The use of juxtaposing words makes the readers think twice at first. The initial part of the phrase writes that the cigarette has a filter, which is good for the health of the consumers. The second part tells the reader that even though it has got a filter the flavour of the cigarette or the experience of smoking one is unfiltered, suggesting it is undiluted, which makes it even better than the first part of the phrase.Hence, both parts of the sentence are positive and combine to make one encouraging phrase. The box of cigarettes is what stands out the most in the whole advertisement, since it is in red and it is up front. The box is open for the possible consumers to see the new type of cigarettes and convince themselves that the cigarettes are almost alike. There are three visible cigarettes in the advert, but only one is raised enough to be taken; this makes the reader eager to take one, increasing the chances of readers buying a pack of cigarettes.In addition, the only colour other than black and white is red. This colour links in the head of consumers reading the advert with the pack of cigarettes of the Marlboro brand. Almost at the bottom of the advertisement, below the box of cigarettes the advertisement reads: You got a lot to like- Filter, Flavour, Pack or Box. The advert is telling the reader that both the unfiltered flavour and the filter inside the cigarette complement to make it irresistible to them.Good for their health with the same taste they already love. Plus, they sell them in a pack, for space and weight convenience since its lighter and smaller, or, in a box for men in heavy-duty jobs that carry their cigarettes in their pockets all day. This line is stating all the good things about these cigarettes and it gives no choice to the consumer but to think that the Marlboro cigarettes are the best in every possible way.In addition, the omission of the health warning is beneficial since readers will not even remember all the consequences of smoking. This idea of health precautions is also removed by the impression of the filter eliminating all bad things from the body and men convinced that also they can smoke filtered cigarettes. Also, at the very bottom it is clear that cigarette companies like Marlboro can support and promote sports, which again links with the idea of cigarettes not having any side effects.In conclusion, the advertisement uses various techniques to contribute to the effectiveness of the message that is sent across to every potential consumer. Every advertisement of the Marlboro brand uses a common technique of language and image to persuade the reader to buy their cigarettes, but this one in particular uses some language and visual techniques that enhance both messages in the advertisement.

A Letter to Dean Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

A Letter to Dean - Personal Statement Example This disoriented me making me to lose track of my studies. Time flew and before I knew it, examinations approached before I was adequately prepared. I am sure that this unpreparedness played a big role in my poor performance and I regret having misplaced my priorities by having secondary interests. Lack of enough credits partly translated into my GPA falling short of 2.0. The other reason why my GPA fell below 2.0 was that I failed to consult with my professors about my failing grades. I shied away from asking my professors for guidance because I was afraid that they might not listen to me. I regret that I relied on the stories I had form my friends that some professors are unfriendly and today I am positive that had I talked to them, I would have saved my failing grades. I also attribute my poor performance to my failure to consult with my academic advisor because I contacted him when it was a bit too late. I mismanaged my time by prioritizing things that were not helpful to my studies and the company I kept did not make it any better. This flawed prioritization made me to spend very little time in the library and to get to class late. Somehow, I was not aware of how much I had lost track of my studies even when the indicators were so obvious. However, this one year of suspension from college has taught me important lessons that will help me improve when you reinstate me. I have learnt to take responsibility for my mistakes and this is what has given me confidence to write to you appealing to be reinstated. I approached my academic advisor and he advised me to take more credits from other schools in order to help raise my credits and GPA. Acting on this advice, I enrolled into Westwood College where I earned twelve credits. It was disheartening to learn, later, from my advisor that these credits could not be counted. The difficulty that I have encountered looking for a school has taught me how wrong I was taking for granted the chance to

Egypt's culture Effects on the facade of theAbu Simbel Temple in 12th Research Paper

Egypt's culture Effects on the facade of theAbu Simbel Temple in 12th Century to 15th Century - Research Paper Example The main aim of erecting this temple was basically for impressing the southern neighbors in the southern part of Egypt and also maintaining and reinforcing the religion of the Egyptians. The Egyptian culture was a main influence to this temple. This can be seen from the fact that all the architectural structure that came out Abu Simbel was linked to the cultural context of the Egyptians. This paper will therefore, describe the architectural structure of this temple and how the culture of the Egyptians affected its facade between the 12th to the 15th century through a description of the sculptures and their meanings (Bulliet et al 59). The architectural structure of the temple The architecture of this temple was mainly built with the commemoration of the reigning king of Egypt during this period. It is made up of the pharaoh’s statue that is twenty meters in length containing a double and Atef crown of both the lower and the Upper Egypt. The temple is thirty five meters wide an d at the top, it contains those who worship the sun at the entrance and twenty two baboons. The statues that are colossal in nature were sculptured from the rock directly, a place where the temple existed before it being moved (Langmead et al 23). The statues have been curved to portray the power of the Ramesses II who sits on the throne and is wearing crown that is double in nature hence, the impact that he is the ruler of both the lower and the Upper Egypt. Next to the statue depicting pharaoh, there are the statues that have been made not to go higher than the pharaoh’s knees. These are the statues that were used to depict the wife of pharaoh, the mother queen and the first two sons of pharaoh and his six daughters (Langmead et al 23). At the entrance of the temple, there exists bas relief that is meant to represent two images that portray the king worshipping Ra Harakhti, falcon headed. Ra Harakhti statue is presented in a large niche. The statue of the god holds a feathe r found in the right hand and the goddess who is believed to be the in charge of justice and truth. This facade has at its top twenty two baboons in a row having their arms raised up in the air. This is a sign of these baboons worshipping the sun rising up. In addition, there is a notable feature of the stele facade which indicates the marriage of Ramesses in relationship to the king’s daughters. This is a sign of sealing of peace amongst the Hittites and the Egyptians (Langmead et al 23). At the inside of the temple, there exists a triangular layout that up to date; most of the temples in Egypt have followed. The structure of the rooms has been made to decrease in size as one enters the entrance into the sanctuary. The temple has many chambers at its sides hence, the complexity. The hypostyle hall is eighteen meters lengthwise and has a width of sixteen meters. It is supported by Osiris pillars that are eight in number and these pillars depict the Ramses relationship with th e god of underworld. This has been used to demonstrate that, the pharaoh has an everlasting nature (Lazzari et al 385). At the left hand of the wall, there exists a statue with a white crown, which is depicting the upper part of Egypt, while the statues at the opposite side have double crown which have been used to demonstrate the double crown that the Lower Egypt has. The bas reliefs found to be located on the walls have

Renewable Energy in the UK: Government Role

Renewable Energy in the UK: Government Role UK Renewable Energy: Electricity Generation and the governments role in driving CO2 reductions. Business Management EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This dissertation will mainly concentrate on UKs efforts to increase renewables contribution to electricity generation in the UK, which are part of a broader range of government strategies to reduce CO2 to meet global concerns and international obligations. It will also examine the forces driving the development of renewable energy market in the UK, as well as the overview of the governments role in driving CO2 reductions. The governments strategy on renewables includes several different elements, each attacking the problem from a different angle: mandatory regulation, information and education, technology RD support, and establishment of market-based mechanisms. The main findings presented will be based mainly on the literature review, expert opinions and future forecasts. A review of recent literature on this topic highlights the risk of failure due to failure of coordination among the many initiatives and government bodies involved, and the dangers of insufficient data in measuring progress. Also, they reveal the practical limitations of reliance on renewable to fulfill future electricity generation needs. The first part of the main analysis will provide an overview of the renewable energy market in the UK; it will include a summary of the current renewable energy policy and the main instruments which act as a driving forces for the development of renewables in the UK, as well as electricity market overview; second part would specifically concentrate on evaluation of whether the policies and targets set by government are efficient and achievable, the conclusion will summarize the findings and elaborate on future prospects for the renewable energy market in the UK. The available data indicates that the UK is already falling behind on its original plans for the uptake of renewable. However, government policy suggests growing awareness of the limitations of most renewables; and a consequent shift in focus away from renewables towards easier ‘bigger solutions such as nuclear power and carbon sequestration for coal-fired power stations. CHAPTER 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION A sustainable energy future is possible, but only if we act urgently and decisively to promote, develop and deploy a full mix of energy technologies We have the means, now we need the will†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Claude Mandil, International Energy Agency (IEA) In the 21st century, there has been a significant increase in energy demand due to factors such as population growth and changes in our lifestyle. According to the International Energy Agency (IEA) today 86.5 % of total worldwide energy consumption is generated from fossil fuels such as natural gas, oil and coal; which are said to be non-renewable, and are the main cause for increase in green house gases and carbon dioxide emitted into the atmosphere. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 2007, rising carbon dioxide (CO2) levels are the primary cause of global warming since 1950, and are expected to rise due to ongoing burning of fossil fuels and land-use change. As the worlds fossil fuels continue to diminish at an alarming rate, and global energy demand is forecasted to increase by 60% over the next 25 years (G8 Summit, 2005), alternative forms of energy must be developed that are economically cost effective, environmentally friendly, and easily harness ed. The development of renewable energy sources as a solution to these problems is expected to play a major role in the future energy supply and has developed a considerable interest within national government policies, environmental groups and the private sector. The term ‘renewable energy can be defined as â€Å"energy that is derived from natural processes that are replenished constantly† (Energy Statistics, 2004). The renewable energy sources are also covered by Europes climate change and energy policy. In March 2007, the European Council set a target of 20 percent of the total EU energy consumption to be generated from renewables by 2020. The policy also commits the EU Member States to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 20 percent by 2020 and by 30 percent globally (The EC White Paper, 2007 (BERR)). According to BERR renewable energy is an integral part of the UK Governments longer-term aim of reducing CO2 emissions by 60% by 2050. The Government has set targets of reducing CO2 emissions by 20% by 2010 and 10% of electricity supply from renewable energy by 2010 (Digest of UK Energy Statistics, 2007). This raises the main questions addressed in this dissertation: Can the UK expect to meet and exceed the existing targets? What measure will be required to realize this potential and to encourage further investment in renewables? Despite the fact that renewables are seen by many policy-makers as a solution for improving energy security and saving the environment, there is still some uncertainty whether renewables could compete with conventional energy sources. Supportive policies and heavy investments are still needed to promote further development and deployment of renewables in energy markets. The establishment of new renewable energy technologies and their efficiency will depend on the costs and effectiveness. As a result, in order to promote renewable energy technology into the market there is a strong need to identify and analyse the policies which have a direct effect on technology and market development. 1.2 Renewable energy in the UK The United Kingdom is one of the worlds most globalized countries with the second largest economy in Europe and a population of 60 million. The UK currently contributes about 2 percent to global emissions, which, according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, were estimated to be 38 billion tones carbon dioxide in 2004. UK energy industries are the main contributors to UK greenhouse gas emissions; according to statistics CO2 accounted for about 85 per cent of the UKs greenhouse gas emissions in 2006. In order to reduce emissions, the 2007 UK Energy White Paper sets out an objective to cut the UKs carbon emissions by 60% by 2050, with real progress by 2020. One way of achieving those targets would be by generating our energy from sources that produce very low or zero levels of greenhouse gases such as renewable energy sources. Renewable energy is â€Å"an integral part of the Governments strategy for reducing carbon emissions as renewable energy resources produce very li ttle carbon or other greenhouse gases†. (Commission, 2006) In 2006, about 75 percent of UK electricity was generated from fossil fuels, about 19 percent from nuclear power, and the remaining 4 percent from other renewables (Digest of UK Energy Statistics (DUKES), 2007). The UK has one of the most suitable markets for the development of renewable sources of energy due to its geographic location; especially in wind, wave and tidal energy. However, the UK is also rich in fossil fuels and until the climate change issue became evident the successive governments have neglected renewable energy as an alternative source of our main energy supply. The UK Government initially started to show support for development of renewable energy sources in 1990, when renewables became a part of the so-called non-fossil fuel obligation (NFFO), originally set up to protect nuclear power. The issue of climate change and high levels of greenhouse gases has given a new drive to the development of renewable energy in the UK. As part of the Climate Change Programme, in June 2000 the UK government replaced NFFO by the Renewables Obligation (RO) in England and Wales with the main aims to encourage further the development of the UK renewable energy industry and to achieve a 10 percent share of renewables in electricity generation by 2010 (Environmental Policy Integration). Overall the renewable energy contribution is increasing. Total electricity generation from renewables in 2006 amounted to 18,133 GWh, an increase of 1,263 GWh (+7 ½ per cent) on 2005. The main contributors to this substantial increase were 1,072 GWh from onshore wind (+43 per cent), 248 GWh (+62 per cent) from offshore wind 134 GWh (+3 per cent) from landfill gas and 119 GWh (+12 per cent) from municipal solid waste combustion (UK Electricity Statistics,2007). One of the other main drivers for the development of alternative energy sources in the UK aside from climate change issues is the security of energy supply. The UK continues to heavily rely on the diminishing sources of fossil fuels, such as coal, gas and oil, which are increasingly sourced in geopolitically unreliable areas, such as Venezuela, Nigeria and Russia. According to the UK Energy Statistics 12 percent of the UKs gas supply came from gas imports (Digest of UK Energy Statistics (DUKES), 2007). Therefore further development of alternative energy sources in the UK will reduce the amount of imported fossil fuels, as well as have a key role in resolving the climate change issue. In order to maintain the UKs energy supply and to achieve the carbon dioxide targets set in the Kyoto Protocol under which the UK has committed itself to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by 12.5 percent by 2012 (Sustainable Development Indicators in Your Pocket, 2007), as well as longer term goal set out in Energy White Paper to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 60 percent by 2050, it is vital to sustain further development of energy sources that produce low or zero levels of greenhouse gases, such as renewable energy. Figure 1, shows the Kyoto target and CO2 emissions, 1990 to 2012. Figure 1: Defra, BERR, â€Å"Sustainable Development Indicators in Your Pocket†, 2007 The Governments policies together with the White Paper made proposals to help increase the sources of renewable energy in the UK. The initial proposals set out in the Energy White Paper 2007, concentrate on three main areas: Electricity generation, by strengthening and modifying the Renewables Obligation, by reforming the planning system and by removing barriers to the growth of decentralised electricity generation; heat, by publishing a Biomass Strategy which identifies opportunities for increasing the use of renewables in energy production and by announcing further work to develop a more strategic approach to heat; and Transport, by requiring through The Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation Programme (RTFO) that an increasing proportion of our transport fuel should come from renewable sources. (Energy White Paper , 2007) According to the recent study undertaken by the Poyry Energy (Oxford) LTD, by 2020, renewable energy supply is expected to account for around 12 percent of EU total energy demand, where 59 percent of this volume will come from electricity generation, 32 percent from renewable heat and 9 percent from transport (Compliance costs for meeting the 20% renewable energy target in 2020., 2008) This paper will mainly concentrate on electricity generation through renewable energy sources, as consistency of electricity supply is fundamental to a robust UK economy, and renewables appear to be a suitable solution to improve security of electricity supply in the UK. The UK Government has set a target in order to promote the generation of electricity from renewable sources, by 2010, 10% of UK electricity should come from renewable sources (BERR, UK). The costs of electricity production from renewable energy sources presented in the figure below demonstrate that generation costs depend on the resource conditions in different countries or regions, particularly the EU Member States (Compliance costs for meeting the 20% renewable energy target in 2020, 2008). Therefore, in order to establish and sustain the competitiveness of renewable energy sources it is essential to analyse whether renewable energy technologies can compete with conventional sources. Figure 2: Electricity generation cost of renewable energy technologies (EU Commission 2005: 24, Support of electricity from RE sources). To support the new energy strategy there was a significant development to the UK Renewables Policy, the government has established key elements such as Renewables Obligation, which is driving force for the investment and consumer interest in renewables and it does so by obliging electricity suppliers to source a certain percentage of electricity from renewable sources. It has also launched strategies which allow UK to identify its main strengths and to develop world-leading capabilities in renewable energy sector. The main drivers of UK Renewable Energy Policy include: Renewable Obligation (RO) The RO is the main support scheme for renewable electricity projects in the UK. It places an obligation on UK suppliers of electricity to source an increasing proportion of their electricity from renewable sources. Suppliers are required to produce evidence of their compliance with this obligation to the Office of Gas and Electricity Markets (Ofgem). Evidence can be via certificates, referred to as Renewable Obligations Certificates (Renewable Obligation, 2008). UK renewable electricity has increased considerably since the introduction of RO. In 2006 electricity supplied from RO eligible sources stood at around 4% of the UKs total electricity, up from 1.8% in 2002 (Energy White Paper , 2007). Climate Change Levy (CCL) Exemption The Climate Change Levy (CCL) is â€Å"an environmental tax levied on the supply of certain taxable commodities, for example electricity, gas and coal, and charged by energy suppliers to final business consumers. Domestic, and most charitable, consumers do not pay CCL (Microgeneration and the Climate Change Levy, 2007). In order to support further development of renewables and to encourage consumers to use environmentally friendly sources of energy, renewable electricity supplied to non-domestic consumers is exempt from CCL. Research Development Programme The Government has constantly introduced programmes for renewable energy sources to remove obstacles which stood in the way of the development of renewables by furthering research and gathering information as well as assist industrial activities in the UK. Such programmes support the Renewable Obligation and the exempt renewable from Climate Change Levy. The programmes will also require cooperation with in the industry between the government and environmental organisations to maintain a steady approach to the growth of the renewable energy sources in the market. The programmes also set out plans to address the key issues together, with the concentration divided between technology development as well as non-technological issues, such as raising finance and obtaining planning permission. Each technology is set to be tested though several stages, which include assessment, RD, demonstration and market entry, full-scale industrialization and competition (Challenges Ahead for UK Renewable Energy Program, 2007). Strategies for individual technology programmes also include this operation at the different stages of technology development. An exit strategy will also contribute to the competitiveness of the industry without creating a subsidy. Green trading can play a major part in electricity generation strategy to move to a system of renewables which operates strictly in the commercial market. The Government will carry out several actions together with the industry in order to encourage the development of renewable technologies in the UK, such actions include technological and environmental assessment in addition to resource assessment ;demonstration; the industrialisation of the market; removing legal and administrative obstacles; dealing with planning and development control issues; promoting research and marketing and education. The set priorities for the development of renewable technologies depend on their cost effectiveness and the amount of greenhouse gas emissions that can be reduced on different timescales. The priorities for the development of the renewable energy sources are set in time scales and include: Near Term includes most competitive renewable technologies in the UK. (Geothermal (heating and cooling),waste and some biomass residues, landfill gas, onshore wind, hydro, passive solar) Medium Term (by the year 2010) includes renewables that show maximum contribution by 2010, as well as assist to achieve the target of 10 percent.(Some biomass residues, energy crops, offshore wind) Longer Term (after 2010) includes renewable technologies that show longer term potential under the RD programme. (Fuel cells, photovoltaics, wave) Very Long Term (after 2050) includes renewable technologies which at this stage are only worth pursuing through the basic research. (Tidal barrage, hydrogen, ocean thermal currents) (UK Renewable Eneegy Policy , 2007) The Department of Trade and Industry will divide the budget allocated for the development of renewables according to the priorities table set above, particularly between the short, medium and longer term periods. The renewable technologies which are included in short and medium term will benefit from the market simulation under the Renewable Obligation. 1.3 main aim: The mixture of the issues introduced briefly in the first Chapter leads to the overall aim of investigating the governments role in achieving the targets set and through analyzing the market and the economic forecasts concluding whether these targets are achievable. Following chapter will review the existing literature that has investigated UK Renewable Market and Policies, critically evaluated the UK performance in renewables sector and consist of relevant data in order to set out the specific objectives for this study. United Kingdom has one of the most suitable potential markets for the development of renewable energy sources and could act as a leading example for the rest of the world, but the main question remains whether the UK will adopt the right approach to support the new technologies or is it just an ambitious set of targets based on wrong evaluations? CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Global Perspective Today, the rising issue of climate change can be identified as â€Å"the biggest challenge facing humanity† (International Socialist Group, 2006). The UK Prime Minister has said climate change is â€Å"probably, long-term the single most important issue we face as a global community†. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has concluded that â€Å"global carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions must be reduced at least 70 percent over the next 100 years to stabilize atmospheric CO2 concentrations† Considerable technical change will be needed to maintain growth in economy combined with large CO2 emission reductions at a cost as low as possible (Grubb, 1997), however the timeframe is not clear as many ways lead to certain CO2 stabilization levels which correspond to fixed increasing amounts of CO2 that can be released during the target year. Furthermore, economic arguments were raised favoring deferred emission abatement pathways (Wigley, 1996). There is a possibility that unexpected political objectives may trigger the need of short-term investments in long life capital stock, this leads to high costs due to the early retirement of long life capital stock units. Additionally, there is a high risk of only focusing on short-term emission reduction targets while creating technical change policies in relation to climate change which may result in a framework unable to achieve long-term future targets (Sande ´n, 2005). The increasing concerns of climate change has played one of the key roles in supporting the development of renewable energy sources, which are environmentally friendly and impose low or zero carbon emissions released into the atmosphere. In order to sustain the development of renewables it is essential to meet the stabilization scenario for carbon dioxide reduction and show that they can be competitive in cost with energy from other sources (Houghton, 2004, p.306). Houghton also stated that â€Å"under some circumstances renewable energy sources are already competitive in cost (e.g. local sources of energy), however where there is a direct competition with fossil fuel energy from oil and gas, many renewable energies at present compete only marginally†. Conversely, fossil fuels such as oil, coal and gas have limited resources and â€Å"at some time between 2010-2020 the worlds supply of oil and gas will fall below the level required to meet international supply† (Oil and gas running out much faster than expected, 2003). As the result the costs of fossil fuels will increase which will unveil the opportunity for renewable energy sources to compete more easily (Houghton, 2004, p.306). A recent report from the UN environment programme said â€Å"investment in renewables such as wind, solar and biomass jumped 43% last year and may be about to increase by much more substantial amounts†. It also predicted that renewable energy sources could supply approximately a quarter of the worlds electricity by 2030. This fast development of renewable energy sources occurred as a result of rising demand for energy, security of energy supplies and the environmental and the dangers associated with the burning of fossil fuels (Sawin, 2004, p.5). The additional drivers for the rapid expansion of renewables incorporate the political support for renewable energy around the world, dramatic cost reductions and significant technology advances (Sawin, 2004, p.5). However, Karl Mallon in his book â€Å"Renewable Energy Policy and Politics: A Handbook for Decision-Making† has set out several challenges which can affect the development of renewable energy sources. Mallon mentioned that renewable projects usually have a long lifetime (20 years or more), but the investment and the main industrial activity occurs at the beginning. Therefore in order for investors to get a return on their investment, the developers on their end will try to make the projects as long as possible and try to establish capacity as early as possible in the scheme to yield the maximum return time (Mallon, 2007). As a result, generation schemes with targets that run less than 20 years will create a market with increasing activity and a massive industry growth for the first few years, and once a capacity meeting the long term target is in place downturn of activity will take place (Mallon, 2007). Mallon also stated that a â€Å"boom-bust† activity cycle is terr ibly inefficient form of industry development; if targets are used they must be dynamic to provide a constant but steady pull on industry. Another challenge which faces the development of renewables is the governments concentration on the economic side, namely where â€Å"the desire for economic certainty overrides the objectives of industry development or climate mitigation† (Mallon, 2007). Furthermore, according to Mallon, effective climate mitigation will require not less than 50-100 years transition to zero-emissions, therefore the schemes with deadlines ending 2010-2015 will make no contribution to solve in the climate change problem. Such schemes only provide economic certainty and tell investors that this is only a short term engagement rather than a long term, ignoring the fact that the prices of renewables and conventional energy change all the time. Finally, Mallon emphasized on the fact that â€Å"it is important to recognize that renewable energy policy consists not just of a driver but rather comprises a complete framework, ignoring or overlooking parts of that framework will undermine the entire vision†. 2.2 UK Perspective The energy policy of the United Kingdom fully supports targets for carbon dioxide emissions and is committed to achieve mandatory 60 percent cut in the UKs carbon emissions by 2050 (Carbon Abatement Technology for Fossil Fuels, 2005). The current interest in renewable energy in the UK reflects the global view in relation to the shortage of the existing energy sources and the necessity of finding alternative energy supplies to meet the future energy demand. The need for securing energy sources as an alternative to the current energy sources, mainly fossil fuels, lies in the uncertainty of such fuels which is diminishing over the years. This is particularly pertinent to the UK as it is estimated that by 2020 the UK could be importing 90% of its gas (which currently produces 41% of energy consumed) (DTI 2006). Additionally, the rising concerns over global warming and climate change also played a major role in ‘shedding the light on renewable energy sources. By 2050, global energy demand could double as populations rise and developing countries expand their economies (World Energy Organization, 2008). The UK Government started to tackle such concerns in 1999 when it introduces its first strategy â€Å"to help deliver a better quality of life through sustainable development† (Tony Blair, The UK Government Sustainable Development Strategy, March 2005). The Governments 2003 Energy White Paper sets a direction towards achieving low carbon economy, by attempting to resolve the issue on domestic basis first and to influence the major players in the global community to follow the same footsteps. The UK Government has committed itself to cut down greenhouse gas emissions, as mentioned above the government; according to its 2003 Energy White Paper, declared that its mission is to move to a low carbon economy and set out its target that by the year 2050 carbon dioxide emissions will be reduced by 60 percent in addition to the Kyoto Protocol target of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 12.5 percent by the year 2012, and the ambitious national goal of reducing carbon dioxide emissions by 20 percent below the 1990 levels by the year 2010 (The UK Government Sustainable Development Strategy, 2005). However, the UKs CO2 emissions rose in the period 2002-04 (levels in 2004 showing a 1.5% increase over 2003) (DTI 2005a). These issues are arising at a time when large numbers of the UKs coal and nuclear-fired power stations are also reaching decommissioning age. This presents the UK with an opportunity to re-structure the fuels in its energy mix. According to the British Wind Energy (BWEA) the UK could face some challenges in meeting the renewable energy target of 20 percent by 2020 if it increases the amount of electricity generated under its Renewable Obligation, but puts on hold â€Å"financial penalties for utilities that help fund the program at 2015 levels† (Challenges Ahead for UK Renewable Energy Program, 2007). The BWEA Chief Executive Maria McCaffery has commented on reform proposal: The RO has been highly successful in bringing forward the cheapest renewables: onshore wind, landfill gas and biomass co-firing. The Governments plan to band the RO could allow more technologies to share in this success, particularly offshore wind but this cannot be at the expense of onshore winds current strong growth. Accommodating the more expensive technologies whilst trying to get to a 20% target in 2020 using the same amount of money as a 15% goal is like trying to extract a quart from a pint pot. It just doesnt add up. E ssentially, said BWEA, â€Å"the government is attempting to get a third more renewable power with a mix that includes significant quantities of technologies that are not economic under the current system for the same amount of money† (Challenges Ahead for UK Renewable Energy Program, 2007). John Loughhead, the Executive Director of the  UK Energy Research Centre  (UKERC)  said: Achieving these targets will be challenging, since the UK currently obtains less that 2% of its energy from renewable sources. It is probable that electricity production will have to bear a disproportionate share and initial estimates from the European Commission and others suggest it may need to produce about 40% of all electricity from renewable sources by 2020 if the overall targets are to be met. Additionally, the recent study â€Å"Renewable electricity generation technologies†, January 2008, issued by Institute of Physics (IOP) has outlined further barriers to the development of renewable energy sources. According to the study, one of the main challenges facing the renewables is â€Å"the liberalisation of the UK energy market, the current price of electricity is so low that it is not economically viable to develop and introduce new generating technologies to the market, unless they can be developed at a low cost and can provide electricity predictably at competitive wholesale prices† (Renewable electricity generation technologies, 2008) 2.3 UK Renewable Policy Targets Karl Mannon regards the renewable energy policy as a framework rather a single driver and emphasized that all the parts forming this framework must operate jointly in order for us to achieve the highest benefit of this policy (Mannon, 2007). As to the influence such policies may have on the market, Mannon added that there are unknown factors in these policies which can affect the size of the market, the prices paid for renewable energy or the duration of the scheme. Some of the factors which control the growth of the market include: the level of support, the duration of support eligibility, the duration of support schemes and the quantity of renewables required under the scheme. (Mannon, 2007, p.37) However, Adrian Smith in his report â€Å"Multi-level governance: Towards an analysis of renewable energy governance in the English regions†, December 2006, has identified challenges for governance in promotion of renewable energy systems. Smith, 2006, has outlined that â€Å"governments policy objective of transforming existing energy systems into ones with greater renewable energy content requires coordinated efforts and changes amongst many different actors, institutions and artifacts. Renewable energy systems are complex, and their construction is far from straightforward. It is consequently difficult to direct them into being exclusively through hierarchical government measures like planning† (Smith, 2006). John Sauven, the Executive Director of Greenpeace UK, in his article â€Å"Its rip-off Britain, even when it comes to climate change†, October 2007, has stated that the targets set by Renewable Obligation which were set for electricity suppliers have all been missed and â€Å"the governments own projections show that the final target of just 15 percent in 2015 will also be missed†. Additionally, Dave Toke, in his academic paper, has concluded that â€Å"RO is relatively inflexible in that it effectively sets a single level of payments for all renewable-energy generators, which is relatively generous for onshore wind power, barely sufficient (even with capital grant supplements) for offshore wind power, and not enough for much else. The target of supplying 10% of UK electricity from renewables by 2010 is not likely to be achieved some 7% is a more likely level† (Toke, 2005). Toke, D., also noted that â€Å"the more ambitious the targets are, the more expensive w ill be the incentives (or penalties) needed to ensure compliance with these targets†. The analysis of renewable energy policy carried out by the Carbon Trust, â€Å"Policy Framework for renewables†, July 2006, states that â€Å"overall, the existing renewable energy policy suffers from inefficiencies, resulting in a unit cost of renewable energy to consumers that is higher than necessary given the current technology cost†, as well as â€Å"given the renewable and carbon reduction targets and the 2015 gap, diversity of investment in renewable energy is needed†. The UK policies are not created to determine what a sustainable energy system i

Important People of History Essay

Ancient Greece was known for many things, including great thinkers and philosophers. Many names come to mind from this period, including that of Socrates. Certainly, none are so colorful. He wrote nothing, but his impact was unmatched by others. His ideas were revolutionary, and caused enough controversy that he was finally put on trial in Athens, guaranteeing that his mark on history would be indelible. Socrates was born in 469 B. C. E. to Sophroniscus and Phaenarete. Little is known about him beyond what others wrote, since he resisted any urges to put words on paper. What is known about him comes from Aristophanes, Xenophon, and Plato, all of whom wrote about him. However, their narratives differ in some crucial ways, and so there are some things that will never be known about the enigmatic philosopher. Socrates was a firm believer in the power of the intellect. He insisted that â€Å"a man must order his life by the guidance of his own intellect,† believing that it was this above all that must be cultivated. He never hesitated in saying what he believed, and this tendency made him unpopular in many circles. However, he did not allow this to deter him from expressing these beliefs. Knowledge and truth were paramount to him, and he would not sacrifice these virtues for anything. When he was eighteen, Socrates was required to do the duty of every citizen, and this included training in the Athenian militia. He served the years that were expected of him, engaging in battle in 432 as a foot soldier to help put down a revolt. On the way home from the siege that followed, Socrates saved the life of Alcibiades during a subsequent battle near Spartolus, losing the battle. They returned to Athens in 429, where he was accused of helping the playwright Euripides to write his tragedies. Important People of History Page 2 of 5 Socrates next saw battle at Delium in 424. The Athenians saw defeat yet again, although Socrates distinguished himself once more. In another year, he was yet again immersed in battle, this time at Amphipolis. This ended in another defeat, and was also the last battle that Socrates fought. Peace was made between Athens and Sparta, and this is when Socrates could begin to concentrate in earnest on debates and discussions to pass on his ideas and beliefs. Education, democracy, and Mystery religion were key themes in this. During this time, Socrates married Xanthippe, and they would have two sons. Socrates perhaps became best known for the Socratic Method. This method was meant to help intellectuals come to correct conclusions, and it made definition the most essential point of this. In a desire to find the truth, Socrates believed that one must â€Å"require a standard of truth and an explanation of the causes of error. † The comparison of two ideas is necessary in making a judgment, and those ideas must be clear and not vague. This method lasted throughout the centuries, and is still practiced today. Socrates is also known as the founder of utilitarianism. Ethics and the process of applying his methods to them was a key interest of his, and this study led to utilitarian ideas. With this, he came to the conclusion that good is useful and â€Å"virtue is happiness. † This formed the core of his paradox, which is that men do not willingly commit wrongs, and that this is done only through ignorance. While Socrates wrote nothing, he spent a great deal of his life conversing with others. This was a major part of his Socratic method. He never attempted to teach, for he believed that he had no knowledge. He professed that he was only exceptional in the fact Important People of History Page 3 of 5 that he knew that he knew nothing. It was a goal of his to prove that popular ideas were inconsistent, and he wished to convince all to whom he spoke that their convictions could not stand up under examination. Socrates was well known for frequenting places such as marketplaces, where he would engage people in conversation. He enjoyed doing this with people of all ranks and stations, often putting off important people and gaining their animosity. His manner and lack of deference gained him many enemies; many resenting what they felt were his ridicule. There was nothing that Socrates felt was too sacred to question and criticize, and this included both religion and government. He was perhaps more agnostic than anything, and he had no compunctions about questioning and criticizing the gods. This added to feelings of animosity against him, as did the fact that he was also quite vocal against the ruling powers. It was this that was to lead to his arrest and subsequent trial, which is perhaps the pinnacle of his career. Socrates was arrested when he was seventy on charges that â€Å"he does not believe in the gods recognized by the city, but introduces strange supernatural beings; he is also guilty, because he corrupts the youth. † The political reasons were kept quiet, instead focusing on impiety, and the sentence proposed was that of death, although those who accused him had no real desire to put him to death, only to force him to leave and no longer be a thorn in their sides. However, Socrates refused to leave, instead remaining behind to face the charges against him. A life away from his interactions with the Athenians would not have suited him, and so he remained. Important People of History Page 4 of 5 Socrates faced a jury of 501 men. This jury, as all Athenian juries, would vote twice. Their first vote was on guilt or innocence, and their second vote was for the sentence. While Socrates expected that he would be convicted, he expressed surprise at â€Å"how closely the jury was split on the first and basic question. † It was a difference of six percent that would have turned the tide, acquitting him. Socrates had the chance to avoid a sentence of death once the verdict came in. It was a practice of the Athenian law system to allow the defendant to put forth another punishment, and the jury would choose between the two. However, the punishment that Socrates suggested was merely a small fine, which was so minuscule a punishment that the jury had little choice but to condemn him to death. It was not for thirty days after his trial that Socrates would meet his end. During that time, his friend Crito appealed to him to escape, but Socrates believed that the harm that would come from that would be a greater harm to the city than to allow himself to follow through with the sentence, and that it would have â€Å"brought shame on his family and friends. † Socrates did not seem to fear his death. In fact, on the day upon which he was scheduled to die, he seemed quite happy and pleasant. Death was perhaps another opportunity for him to learn and experience. He was also not alone when the end came, as his wife and younger son, as well as friends, were present. He spent his last day doing what he loved best, discussing philosophy and once more passing on his wisdom. Xanthippe was taken home before his actual death took place, leaving him with his Important People of History Page 5 of 5 friends and advising them to agree if they believed what he said was truth, and to oppose it if they did not, refusing to restrain themselves. To the end, he was determined to hold onto his ideals and beliefs, and insisted on others doing so as well. After bathing and then meeting with his family once more, he met with his executioners. He was given a glass of hemlock after having its effects explained to him. After this formality, he â€Å"cheerfully took the cup and drank. † Thus ended the life of one of the most profound leaders of philosophy. Socrates, through all of his life, lived up to the ideals and beliefs that he taught. He never compromised these, even up to the day that he died. To him, the importance of remaining true to himself and his teachings was paramount, and to do otherwise would be an injustice. He did not simply talk and hope that others learned from him; he lived by example and died by the same. His legacy proved to be quite enduring, and is still a cornerstone of philosophy to this day. His students, such as Plato, helped to preserve this and pass it on. Without Plato and others, little would be known today of Socrates. The impression he made was a lasting one, and a good example even today, encouraging people not to be afraid to question and discuss, because without these things, learning cannot be successful. Works Cited Bury, J. B. and Russell Meiggs. A History of Greece. London: Macmillan Education LTD, 1975. Nails, Debra. â€Å"Socrates. † Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 16 Sept. 2005. . Stone, I. F. The Trial of Socrates. New York: Doubleday, 1989.